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| {{Kabbalah}} | | {{Каббала}}'''Йихудим''' (ивр. ייחודים ''«Объединение»'') — особая форма [[Медитация|медитации]] в [[Каббала|каббалистическом]] иудейском мистицизме, обозначающая медитативный метод, разработанный [[Лурия, Исаак|Исааком Лурией]] (1534–1572). Термин ''Йихуд'' встречается в Галахе (еврейском законе), обозначая «уединение» между мужчиной и женщиной. Тот же самый термин в единственном числе yichud (йихуд) используется для определения еврейского свадебного [[Ритуал|ритуала]]. В [[Эзотеризм|эзотерическом]] антропоморфизме каббалы йихудим олицетворяет единство между мужским и женским Божественными аспектами [[сефирот]]. |
| '''Yichudim''' ([[Hebrew]]: "Unifications") is a specific form of [[Jewish meditation]] in [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic]] Jewish mysticism, especially denoting the complete meditative method developed by [[Isaac Luria]] (1534–1572). The term [[Yichud]] is found in [[Halakha]] (Jewish law), denoting male-female "seclusion". In the esoteric [[anthropomorphism in Kabbalah]], ''Yichudim'' denote unifications between male and female Divine aspects in the supernal [[sephirot]]. | |
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| == In the Zohar == | | ==В Зоаре == |
| The [[Zohar]] speaks of two types of Yichudim in general, a ''Yichud Mah u Ban'' and a ''Yichud Ava''. These divine names derive from esoteric expansions of the [[Tetragrammaton]], representing different supernal forces. [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic theosophy]] explores the esoteric function of Yichudim in the unfolding creation of the spiritual realms, while [[meditative Kabbalah]] experiences and influences these supernal forces through the human psyche, as mystical [[Kavanot]] intentions during prayer, Jewish observance, or isolated practice. Kabbalistic doctrine sees unifications in the divine realm among the [[sephirot]], and between God and lower creation, as the [[Theurgy|theurgic]] restorative task of man. Among the sephirot this is symbolised by the unification of the revealed male principle [[Tiferet]] ("The Holy One Blessed be He") and the female [[Malkuth]] (which descends immanently into creation as the exiled [[Shekhina]] divine Presence).
| | [[Сефер Зогар]] говорит о двух типах йихудим в целом: ''Йихуд Мау Бан'' и ''Йихуд Ава''. Эти божественные имена происходят от эзотерических расширений [[Тетраграмматон|Тетраграмматона]], представляющих различные божественные силы. Каббалистическая [[теософия]] исследует эзотерическую функцию Йихудим в разворачивающемся творении духовных сфер, в то время как [[Медитация|медитативная]] каббала переживает и влияет на эти божественные силы через человеческую психику, как мистические намерения каванот во время молитвы, еврейского обряда или индивидуальной практики. Каббалистическая доктрина видит достижение единства в божественной сфере среди сефирот, а также между Богом и низшим творением, как теургическую восстановительную задачу человека. По отношению к сефирот это символизируется объединением явленного мужского начала [[Тиферет]] («Святой, благословен Он») и женского [[Малкут]] (который имманентно нисходит в творение как изгнанное божественное Присутствие [[Шехина|Шехины]]). |
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| === Hasidic explanation of the Zohar ===
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| ''Yichud Mah u Ban'' in the human psyche is the unification of one's emotions with action.
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| ''Yichud Ava'' is the process whereby a [[Kabbalist]] traces an object or concept in this physical world, up through the various levels of God's creative process of that object or concept. The goal of a unification is twofold. One, to uncover the inherent [[Godliness]] in the subject that is being meditated on, and second, to bring the Godliness "back home", so to speak. Once the Godliness of the thing is uncovered, the Kabbalist will endeavour to conceptually understand how all the levels that once separated him and God are actually all one. [[Hasidic thought]] describes two levels of this Divine ''Yichud'' (Unity) with Creation: ''Yichuda Ila'ah'' (Higher Unity) in which Creation is nullified within the Divine totality, ''Yichudah Tata'ah'' (Lower Unity) in which Creation perceives its own existence dependent on God.
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| == Lurianic meditation system ==
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| [[Isaac Luria]], the father of modern Kabbalah, developed the Zoharic references to Yichudim into a complete esoteric system of meditation, based on the new mythological scheme of [[Lurianic Kabbalah]]. Outwardly, the Zohar appears to be solely a theosophical text. However, through Luria's theosophical description of the cosmic structure as a complete interacting dynamic system, the soul of man embodies and dynamically interacts with the supernal processes of creation. Where [[Moses ben Jacob Cordovero|Moses Cordovero]] previously developed a linear Zoharic method of meditation based on his conception of the sephirot as discreet powers, Luria's Yichudim meditation method is based on the sephirot as [[Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah|anthropomorphic]] mutually enclothing [[Partzufim]] (divine personas). His systemisation of Zoharic doctrine into a comprehensive process, enabled him to extract Yichudim meditation practices from the most esoteric descriptions in the Zohar. These elite meditative practices engaged the attention of subsequent Kabbalistic worship, and were further expanded, and practiced in a communal setting by [[Shalom Sharabi]] and the [[Beit El Synagogue|Beit El]] circle.
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| === Example of Lurianic Yichudim meditation ===
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| In the same way that the Lurianic [[partzufim]] interact and enclothe within each other, so in Lurianic Yichudim meditations these supernal processes are theurgically ennacted in the psyche by combining, and usually enclothing the letters of particular divine names within each other. A simple Yichud meditation example:
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| <blockquote>
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| "The lower soul (nefesh) is from the Universe of [[Assiah]], which is associated with the name Adonay ("Lord" the divine name associated with the Sefirah [[Malkuth]]). One should therefore meditate on the name Adony (ADNY) binding it to the name YHVH ([[Tetragrammaton]] name associated with the Sefirah [[Tiferet]]) in the Universe of Assiah. He should then bind this to the name Ehyeh (AHYH "I Am" associated with the Sefirah [[Keter]]) in the Universe of Assiah.<br /><br />He should then meditate on this, elevating the name Ehyeh of Assiah, and binding it to Adonay of [[Yetzirah]]. Adonay of Yetzirah should then be bound to YHVH of Yetzirah.<br /><br />One proceeds in this manner step by step, until he reaches Ehyeh of [[Atziluth]]. He should then bind Ehyeh of Atzilut to the very highest level, which is the Ein Sof."<ref>''Meditatation and Kabbalah'', [[Aryeh Kaplan]], p.225</ref>
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| </blockquote>
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| Luria instructs many detailed and advanced Yichudim meditations for particular purposes. As well as [[Kavanot]] for prayer and to accompany Jewish observances, these include meditations ennacted while prostrated on the grave of a saint, a practice of the 16th century [[Safed]] Kabbalists in order to commune with the righteous soul.
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| == Kavanot of prayer in Hasidism ==
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| The elaborate esoteric Lurianic Yichudim to accompany liturgical prayer were replaced in early 18th century [[Hasidism]] by new [[Jewish meditation]] forms taught by the [[Baal Shem Tov]], based on its concern with [[deveikut]] direct internal consciousness of divinity.<ref>''Studies in East European Jewish Mysticism and Hasidism'', Joseph Weiss, Littman Library: chapter "The Kavvanoth of Prayer in Early Hasidism".</ref> However, a very small number of extant Yichudim for other purposes, taught by the Baal Shem Tov, are recorded in early Hasidic texts.<ref>''Meditation and Kabbalah'', Aryeh Kaplan, section on Hasidism records a Yichud to be practiced during immersion in a mikveh.</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Kavanah]]
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| * [[Zeir Anpin]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| == References ==
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| * ''Meditation and Kabbalah'', [[Aryeh Kaplan]], Weiser New York
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| * ''Gate of Unity'' by [[Dovber Schneuri]]
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| [[Категория:Каббала]] | | [[Категория:Каббала]] |